I. Part Of Speech
1. Pronoun (Kata ganti)
Part of speech ini berfungsi untuk menggantikan kata benda baik orang maupun sesuatu. Perhatikan table pronoun (kata ganti berikut ini). Silakan baca artikel tentang pronoun dan fungsinya untuk penjelasan lebih lengkap.
2. Adjective (Kata sifat)
Part of speech ini berfungsi untuk menjelaskan kata benda. Contoh adjective : Sad, happy, beautiful, crazy, patient, polite, handsome, etc.
Contoh kalimat:
· She is happy
· I have a funny cat.
· That is a wonderful idea.
3. Nouns (Kata benda)
Part of speech ini berfungsi untuk menamai orang, hewan, tempat, benda, etc.
Contoh noun: car, police, teacher, sky, etc.
Dalam bahasa Inggris, kata benda dikelompokkan menjadi beberapa macam, silakan baca artikel pengertian dan macam kata bendadalam bahasa Inggris.
4. Conjunction (Kata Penghubung)
Part of speech ini berfungsi untuk menhubungkan kata dengan kata, frasa dengan frasa atau kalimat dengan kalimat. Contoh conjunction: and, yet, but, before, after, therefore, otherwise etc. Silakan baca artikel tentang conjunction disini: pengertian conjunction, arti an fungsinya untuk penjelasan yang lebih lengkap.
Contoh kalimat:
· She had gone home before I met her last night.
· They will come to my house andhis house to have a meal.
5. Adverb (Kata keterangan)
Part of speech ini berfungsi untuk menjelaskan kata kerja (verb), kata sifat (adjective), atau menjelaskan adverb lainnya. ada 7 macam adverb, adverb of time, place, manner, degree, frequency, modality, dan focus.
Contoh adverb: now (time), seriously (manner), there (place), always (frequency)
Contoh kalimatnya:
· I want to visit her now.
· She is studying English seriously.
6. Verb (Kata kerja)
Part of speech ini berfungsi untuk menyatakan tindakan, yang menghasilkan suatu aktivitas. Contoh verb: bring, play, increase, improve, drive, etc.
Contoh kalimat:
· I drive a car very slowly
· We need to improve out speaking skill.
7. Interjection (Kata seru)
Part of speech adalah ucapan pendek (kata seru) yang berfungsi untuk menyampaikan sebuah emosi, sapaan etc. Contohnya: Hi!, Hello!, alas!, ouch!
Contoh kalimat:
· Ouch! It hurts, you know!!
· Hello, My name is Dhila.
8. Preposition (Kata depan)
Part of speech ini biasanya dirangkai bersama dengan noun atau pronoun untuk membentuk sebuah phrase yang menjelaskan verb, noun, dan adjective. Silakan baca artikel kami: pengertian dan macam prepositionuntuk penjelasan yang lebih lengkap. Contoh preposition: in, at, on, for, above, under etc.
Contoh kalimat:
· My cat sleeps under the tree.
· She put the book on the table.
II. Singular and Plural
Jika suatu benda (thing) tersebut berjumlah hanya satu (tunggal), maka benda tersebut adalah singular (tunggal). Dan jika jumlahnya lebih dari satu (banyak),maka benda tersebut adalah plural (jamak).
Dalam kasus ini, bentuk singular and plural sering digunakan pada nouns (kata benda) untuk menunjukkan apakah kata benda tersebut jumlahnya tunggal atau jamak.
Biasanya pada kata benda (nouns), untuk menandakan atau menunjukkan bahwa kata benda tersebut jamak, kita cukup menambahkan akhiran “–s/-es” diakhir katanya. Tetapi ada beberapa yang tidak menggunakan akhiran “–s/-es”.
Untuk menandakan bentuk singular,kita perlu menambakan artikel “-a/ -an” sebelum kata bendanya (nouns). Contohnya:
· An apple = 1 apel/ sebuah apel.
(menggunakan “an” karena kata benda “apple” diawali dengan huruf vokal “a”)
· A table = 1 meja/ sebuah meja.
(menggunakan “a” karena kata benda “table” diawali dengan huruf konsonan “t”)
CATATAN:
Sedangkan untuk subject:
· I, He, She, It = Singular (Tunggal).
· You, They, We = Plural (Jamak)
Untuk subject "YOU" bisa tunggal / jamak (kamu 1 orang / lebih). Sedangkan subject "THEY" yang memiliki arti mereka, bisa digunakan untuk mewakili benda/ binatang yang berjumlah lebih dari 1 (jamak).
Contoh Kalimat Singular (Tunggal):
· He is a student in the Gunadarma University.
(Artinya: Dia adalah siswa di Universitas Gunadarma)
· My class is beautiful.
(Artinya: Kelas saya indah)
Contoh Kalimat Plural (Jamak):
· The Dean meets her students in front of the office.
(Artinya: Dekan bertemu dengan siswa-siswanya di depan kantor)
· My rooms are rented for three months.
(Artinya: Kamar-kamar saya disewakan selama 3 bulan)
III. Active and Passive Voice
Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan, sebaliknya, kalimat pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat.
Contoh
· Active : Mary helped the boy.
S V O
· Passive : The boy was helped by Mary.
S V
Dari contoh tersebut dapat kita lihat bahwa:
Object dari active voice (the boy)menjadi subject dari passive voice.
Subject dari active voice (Mary)menjadi object dari passive voice.
Verb “helped” pada active voice menjadi “was helped” pada passive voice.
Form of the passive : be + past participle
(be yang digunakan adalah tergantung pada subject passive voice dan tenses yang digunakan).
Ø Change the Active into Passive
1. Simple Present
Active : Novita helps the boy
Passive : The boy is helped by Novita
2. Present Progressive
Active : Riska is helping Afyfa.
Passive : Afyfa is being helped by Riska
3. Present Perfect
Active : Aulia has forgot her old friend.
Passive : Her old friend has been forgotten by Aulia.
4. Simple Past
Active : Adianto helped the brother.
Passive : The brother was helped by Adianto.
5. Past Progressive
Active : Indah was giving a chocolate to Jehan
Passive : A chocolate was being given by Indah to Jehan.
6. Past Perfect
Active : Dony had helped Falikh.
Passive : Falikh had been helped by Dony.
7. Simple Future
Active : Anita will draw a butterfly.
Passive : A butterfly will be drawnby Anita.
8. Be going to
Active : Puja is going to buy a pen.
Passive : A pen is going to be bought by Puja.
9. Future perfect
Active : Leni will have wrote a letter.
Passive : A letter will have been written by Leni.
Ø Change the Passive into Active
1. Passive : The floor is swept by me.
Active : I sweep the floor.
2. Passive : My book was taken by Erlang last week.
Active : Erlang took my book last week.
3. Passive : My wallet was stolen by the thief yesterday.
Active : The thief steal my wallet yesterday.
4. Passive : Naturally, trees are usedto build damn by the beavers.
Active : Naturally, the beavers usetrees to build damn.
5. Passive : The medical insurance forms must be sent by the patients.
Active : The patients must send the medical insurance forms.
6. Passive : The employees’ request for a rise in salary was ignored by the supervisor.
Active : The supervisor ignored the employees’ request for a rise in salary.
7. Passive : Easy loans are providedby the World Bank for the economic development.
Active : The World Bank provideseasy loans for the economic development.
IV. Irregular Verb
Irregular verbs merupakan kata kerja yang tidak beraturan. pemakaian kata kerja ini berdasarkan waktu yang digunakan. kata kerja tersebut dibagi menjadi tiga bentuk,yaitu bi, pt, dan ps.pt yang dalam buku sering mendevinisikan dengan V1, V2,V3.
Berikut merupakan daftar dari verb tersebut :
No Infinitive Past form Past participle
(V1) (V2) (V3)
1. arise arose arisen
2. awake awoke awoken
3. be was/were been
4. bear bore borne/b0rn
5. beat beat beaten
6. become became become
7. begin began begun
8. beset beset beset
9. bet bet/betted bet/betted
10. bid bid/bade bid/bidden
11. bend bent bent
12. beseech besought besought
13. bind bound bound
14. bite bit bitten
15. bleed bled bled
16. blow blew blown
17. break broke broken
18. breed bred bred
19. bring brought brought
20. broadcast broadcast broadcast
21. build built built
22. burn burned burned
23. burst burst burst
24 . buy bought bought
25. cast cast cast
26. catch caught caught
27. choose chose chosen
28. cling clung clung
29. come came come
30. cost cost cost
31. creep crept crept
32. cut cut cut
33. deal dealt dealt
34. dig dug dug
35. do did done
36. draw drew drawen
37. dream dreamt dreamt
38. drink drank drunk
39. drive drove driven
40. dwell dwelt dwelt
41. eat ate eaten
V. Underline the Subject and Verb in each sentence
Contoh :
1. Someone invited me to a party.
S V
2. The teacher is giving a test in the next room right now.
S V
3. Rico will announce the news tomorrow.
S V
4. The government requires international students to have visas.
S V
5. People speak Arabic in many countries.
S V
VI. Preposition
Subject + verb Preposition Noun
The pen is on the table
He lives in england
Henry is looking for you
The newspaper is under your green book
Pascal is used to english
She to working
We ate before coming
Preposition use Example
During (selama) while in During the movie, During the flight
During my stay
For (untuk) for two days, for an hour
From/to From Saturday to Monday, From 5 to 9
Between the time period from Between 1986 and 2012
one to another Between Saturday and Monday
Until/till before a certain time Until/till Sunday 5 o’clock
By at the least by Tuesday, By next mounth,
by tomorrow
Contoh kalimat preposition :
1. Febriandi goes to school bymotorcycle
2. Aulia read novel at library
3. I am usually Fajr prayer at five o’clock
4. I am go to village between eid mubarok and eid adha
5. I am ablution before read al’quran
6. My family will to stay in puncak forthree days
7. We ate popcorn during watch the movie
8. My friend will go to puncak fromWednesday to Friday
9. My book on the bed
10. I learn english from four o;clock untilfive o’clock
VII. Degree of Comparison
Degree of comparison adalah bentuk adjective atau adverb yang menyatakan perbandingan. Ada tiga degree of comparison, yaitu: positive, comparative, dansuperlative degree.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Good Better Best
Hot Hotter Hottest
Sharp Sharper Sharpest
Tall Taller Tallest
Short Shorter Shortest
Large Larger Largest
High Higher Highest
Old Older Oldest
Young Younger Youngest
Long Longer Longest
Positive Comparative Superlative
Honest More honest Most honest
Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful
Popular More popular Most popular
Reliable More realiable Most realiable
Useful More useful Most useful
Playful More playful Most playful
Intelligent More intelligent Most intelligent
Athletic More athletic Most athletic
Interesting More interesting Most interesting
Difficult More difficult Most difficult
Ø Comparative degree
Digunakan untuk membandingkan dua hal. Kebanyakannya adjective atau adverb satu suku kata ditambahkanakhiran -er, sedangkan dua suku kata atau lebih diawali dengan kata more. Khusus untuk dua suku kata adjective dengan akhiran -y, akhiran tersebut dihilangkan lalu ditambahkan -ier. Ketika berada di dalam kalimat, degree of comparison ini biasanya ditemani kata than.
Contoh :
· Your body is bigger than me.
· Anna is younger than David.
· Chester is older than me.
· My handphone is more expensive than yours.
· His brother is more interesting than him.
Ø Superlative degree
Berfungsi untuk membandingankan tiga atau lebih hal. Mayoritas satu suku katanya ditambahkan akhiran -est, sedangkan lebih dari satu suku kata diawali dengan kata most. Adapun untuk dua suku kata adjective dengan akhiran -y, akhiran tersebut dihilangkan lalu ditambahkan -iest. Ketika berada di dalam kalimat, superlative degree diawali dengan kata the.
Contoh :
· Agnes Monica is the bestsinger of the year.
· He is the tallest boy in my family.
· Maryati is the most honestperson i’ve ever met.
· Jakarta is the hottest city in Indonesia.
· The most difficult thing for student is study hard for the exam.
Ø Make sentences by using Degree of Comparison about the country (Italy, Egypt, Japan, North Korea, and USA)
Comparative:
· Sphinx statue is more beautiful than Liberty statue.
· Spaghetti is more deliciousthan Sushi.
· Pisa tower is bigger thanMonas.
· The weather in North Korea ishotter than the weather in Japan
· Pyramid is larger than Sphinx.
Superlative:
· Kimono is the most beautifultraditional dress.
· Sahara desert is the hottestdesert in Egypt.
· Pizza is the most popular food in Italy
· Liberty is the highest statue in the USA
· Barack Obama is the most important person in USA.
VIII. Conditional Sentences
1) Conditional 1
Þ True in the present / future
· If + simple present, simple present
Ex:
- If I don’t eat breakfast, I always get hungry during the class
· If + simple present, simple future
Ex :
- If I don’t eat breakfast tomorrow morning, I will get hungry
during the class
2) Conditional 2
Þ Untrue in the present / future
· If + simple past, would / could / might + simple form
Ex:
- If he were here right now, he would help us.
- If I had a boyfriend, he would stay with me right now
3) Conditional 3
Þ Untrue in the past
· If + past perfect, would have + verb 3
Ex:
- If they had studied, they would have passed the exam.
- If we had gone by motorcycle to that place, we would have gotten there faster.
IX. Adjective Clauses
1. Who, whom, that = people
- I saw the man. He clossed the door.
I saw the man who clossed the door.
- The man was Mr. Jones. I saw him.
The man who I saw was Mr. Jones.
2. Which, that = thing
- The book is mine. It is on the table.
The book which is on the table is mine.
The book that is on the table is mine.
3. Whose = prossesion
- I know the man. His bicycle was stolen.
I know the man whose bicycle was stolen.
4. Where, which (in), that (in) = a place
- The building is very old. He lives there.
The building where he lives is very old.
The building in which he lives is very old.
The building that he lives in is very old.
5. When, that, which (on) = time
- I'll never forget the day. I met you then.
I'll never forget the day when i met you.
I'll never forget the day on whichi met you.
I'll never forget the day that i met you.
X. Combine the sentences into Adjective Clauses
1. The girl is happy. She won the race.
The girl who/ whom/that won the race is happy.
2. We are studying sentences. They contain adjective clauses.
We are studying sentences that/whichcontain adjective clauses.
3. I know the man. His bicycle was stolen.
I know the man whose bicycle was stolen.
4. The city was beautiful. We spent our vacation there.
The city where we spent our vacation was beautiful
5. 1960 is the year. The revolution took place then.
1960 is the year when the revolution took place.
6. The taxi driver was friendly. He took me to the airport.
The taxi driver who/whom/that took me to the airport was friendly.
7. The book was good. I read it.
The book that/which I read was good.
8. The town is small. I grew up there.
The town where I grew up is small.
9. The people were very nice. We visited them yesterday.
The people who we visited yesterday were very nice.
10. The topic was interesting. Omar talked about it.
The topic which/that Omar talked about was interesting.